| Conditional Knockdown of Proteins Using Auxin-inducible Degron (AID) Fusions in Toxoplasma gondii
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Author:
Date:
2018-02-20
[Abstract] Toxoplasma gondii is a member of the deadly phylum of protozoan parasites called Apicomplexa. As a model apicomplexan, there is a great wealth of information regarding T. gondii’s 8,000+ protein coding genes including sequence variation, expression, and relative contribution to parasite fitness. However, new tools are needed to functionally investigate hundreds of putative essential protein coding genes. Accordingly, we recently implemented the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system for studying essential proteins in T. gondii. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol for examining protein function in T. gondii using the AID system in a tissue culture setting.
[摘要] 弓形虫是原生动物寄生虫称为Apicomplexa致命门的一员。 作为一个复杂的模型，关于T的信息有很多。 gondii的8,000多种蛋白质编码基因，包括序列变异，表达和对寄生虫适应的相对贡献。 然而，需要新的工具来功能性地调查数百个推定的必需蛋白质编码基因。 因此，我们最近实施了生长素诱导降解（AID）系统来研究T中的基本蛋白质。弓形虫。 在这里，我们提供了一个检查蛋白质功能的一步一步的协议。 在组织培养环境中使用AID系统。
【背景】生长素是一类通过靶向某些蛋白质在植物中进行蛋白酶体降解而发出信号的植物激素（Teale等人，2006）。 Kohei Nishimura等人具有将该植物特异性信号传导系统的组分转移到其他真核生物中用于有兴趣的蛋白质（POI）的条件调节，创建生长素诱导降解（AID）系统的聪明想法（Nishimura等人，2009）。这个系统已经被成功地用于几种真核生物，包括疟原虫疟原虫（Kreidenweiss et al。，2013; Philip和Waters，2015）。只需要两个转基因成分来实现这个系统，称为转运抑制剂反应1（TIR1）的植物生长素受体和用AID标记的POI。用生长素（例如，3-吲哚乙酸/ IAA）处理活化SCF ...
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| Secretion of Adipsin as an Assay to Measure Flux from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Author:
Date:
2017-04-05
[Abstract] In this protocol we describe a quantitative biochemical assay to assess the efficiency of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi protein transport in adipocytes (Bruno et al., 2016). The assay takes advantage of the fact that adipocytes secrete various bioactive proteins, known as adipokines. As a measure of ER to Golgi flux we determine the rate of bulk secretion of the adipokine adipsin post washout of Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment using immunoblotting. Because BFA treatment results in an accumulation of adipsin in the ER, the exit of adipsin from the ER upon BFA washout is synchronized across cells and experimental conditions. Thus, using this simple assay one can robustly determine if perturbations, such as knocking down a protein, have an effect on ER to Golgi protein transport.
[摘要] 在该方案中，我们描述了一种定量生化测定法来评估内质网（ER）对脂肪细胞中高尔基体蛋白质转运的效率（Bruno等，2016）。 该测定法利用脂肪细胞分泌各种生物活性蛋白质（称为脂肪因子）的事实。 作为对高尔基体通量的ER的测量，我们使用免疫印迹法确定了使用Brefeldin A（BFA）处理的脂肪因子adipsin后消失的体积分泌速率。 因为BFA治疗导致ER中Adipsin的积累，所以在BFA洗脱时，Adipsin从ER的出口在细胞和实验条件下同步。 因此，使用这种简单的测定法可以稳健地确定扰动，如敲低蛋白质，是否对高尔基蛋白转运的ER有影响。
【背景】新合成的蛋白质通过分泌途径从细胞分泌到细胞膜（PM）中。分泌路线包括从ER到高尔基体的运输，穿过高尔基体堆叠，以及从高尔基网络（TGN）到PM的运动。这些运输步骤中的每一个提供用于调节分泌物的节点。虽然大多数细胞能够分泌蛋白质，但某些特定的细胞类型是特异性蛋白质的专业秘密。脂肪细胞，例如，分泌激素，称为脂肪因子，影响各种器官的能量代谢。为了更好地了解脂肪因子分泌的分子基础，我们开发了一种测定方法，研究了从ER到脂肪细胞的高尔基体的脂肪因子，一种脂肪因子的转运。研究ER到高尔基体运输的传统和常用的方法是监测从ER融合到GFP（VSVG-GFP）的温度敏感性水泡性口炎病毒G蛋白ts045的出口（Presley等，1997）。使用adipsin分泌测定法研究脂肪细胞中的高铁运输的优点是监测来自ER的内源性蛋白质的通量，而不是异位表达的报道蛋白。 ...
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| Experimental Liver Fibrosis and Intrasplenic Transplantation of CD45+ Bone Marrow Cells
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Author:
Date:
2016-10-20
[Abstract] Liver fibrosis results from the excessive collagen deposition (collagen scar) by activated hepatic stellate cells (HpSCs), leading to the inhibition of normal liver regeneration and function. Fibrogenesis is a complex mechanism involving both the synthesis and degradation of matrix proteins by different cell types, mainly macrophages in the liver. Carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis (CCl4) and cirrhosis is one of the oldest, simplest and probably the most widely used toxin-based experimental model for the induction of fibrosis. Here we have explained experimental animal model of liver fibrosis using CCl4, injecting twice a week for a period of 8 weeks. In these fibrotic mice, bone marrow (BM) derived CD45+ cells were transplanted via intrasplenic route ...
[摘要] Liver fibrosis results from the excessive collagen deposition (collagen scar) by activated hepatic stellate cells (HpSCs), leading to the inhibition of normal liver regeneration and function. Fibrogenesis is a complex mechanism involving both the synthesis and degradation of matrix proteins by different cell types, mainly macrophages in the liver. Carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis (CCl4) and cirrhosis is one of the oldest, simplest and probably the most widely used toxin-based experimental model for the induction of fibrosis. Here we have explained experimental animal model of ...
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