| Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV)-based Coronavirus Spike-pseudotyped Particle Production and Infection
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Author:
Date:
2016-12-05
[Abstract] Viral pseudotyped particles (pp) are enveloped virus particles, typically derived from retroviruses or rhabdoviruses, that harbor heterologous envelope glycoproteins on their surface and a genome lacking essential genes. These synthetic viral particles are safer surrogates of native viruses and acquire the tropism and host entry pathway characteristics governed by the heterologous envelope glycoprotein used. They have proven to be very useful tools used in research with many applications, such as enabling the study of entry pathways of enveloped viruses and to generate effective gene-delivery vectors. The basis for their generation lies in the capacity of some viruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV), to incorporate envelope glycoproteins of other viruses into a pseudotyped virus ...
[摘要] 病毒假型颗粒（pp）是包膜病毒颗粒，通常来自逆转录病毒或弹状病毒，在其表面上携带异源性包膜糖蛋白和缺乏必需基因的基因组。这些合成的病毒颗粒是天然病毒的更安全的替代品并且获得由所使用的异源性包膜糖蛋白控制的嗜性和宿主进入途径特征。它们已被证明是用于具有许多应用的研究中非常有用的工具，例如使得能够研究包膜病毒的进入途径并产生有效的基因递送载体。它们的产生的基础在于一些病毒如鼠白血病病毒（MLV）的能力，以将其他病毒的包膜糖蛋白掺入假型病毒颗粒中。这些可以被工程化以包含报道基因例如荧光素酶，使得能够在易感细胞的假型粒子感染时定量病毒进入事件。在这里，我们详细说明使用中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）尖峰（S）作为待并入的异源包膜糖蛋白的实例，能够产生基于MLV的假型包装颗粒的方案。我们还描述了这些颗粒如何用于感染易感细胞并通过荧光素酶测定进行定量感染性读数。
关键词：假型颗粒，鼠白血病病毒，包膜糖蛋白，冠状病毒，
[背景] ...
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| Preparation of Purified Gram-positive Bacterial Cell Wall and Detection in Placenta and Fetal Tissues
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Author:
Date:
2016-12-05
[Abstract] Cell wall is a complex biopolymer on the surface of all Gram-positive bacteria. During infection, cell wall is recognized by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 causing intense inflammation and tissue damage. In animal models, cell wall traffics from the blood stream to many organs in the body, including brain, heart, placenta and fetus. This protocol describes how to prepare purified cell wall from Streptococcus pneumoniae, detect its distribution in animal tissues, and study the tissue response using the placenta and fetal brain as examples.
[摘要] 细胞壁是所有革兰氏阳性菌表面上的复杂生物聚合物。在感染期间，细胞壁被先天免疫受体Toll样受体2识别，引起强烈的炎症和组织损伤。在动物模型中，从血流到体内许多器官（包括脑，心脏，胎盘和胎儿）的细胞壁运输。该协议描述了如何从肺炎链球菌制备纯化的细胞壁，检测其在动物组织中的分布，并且使用胎盘和胎脑作为实例研究组织反应。
关键词： 细胞壁，肽聚糖，细菌炎症，神经增殖，胎儿神经发生，胎盘运输，Toll样受体2配体，肺炎链球菌
/strong>宿主对感染的反应涉及许多细菌组分的识别，包括细胞壁（CW），一种形成所有革兰氏阳性细菌表面的复合大分子。革兰氏阳性细菌的CW由肽聚糖和磷壁酸的共价网络形成。肺炎链球菌是肺炎，败血症和脑膜炎的主要原因，已经成为研究对包括CW在内的革兰氏阳性细菌感染的先天免疫反应的重要模式生物体。 当肺炎链球菌（肺炎球菌）感染时，CW成分在生长期或抗生素诱导的死亡期间从细菌释放，它在血流中循环并穿过细胞屏障，包括胎盘和血脑屏障。 CW组分具有等于或大于完整细菌的炎性活性（Tuomanen等人，1985a和1985b）。 ...
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| ASC-particle-induced Peritonitis
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Author:
Date:
2016-10-05
[Abstract] In response to pathogen infection and tissue damage, inflammasome sensors such as NLRP3 and AIM2 are activated, which triggers PYRIN domain (PYD)-mediated ASC nucleation, followed by self-perpetuating ASC polymerization, which ultimately culminates in caspase-1 activation, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 processing and release and pyroptosis (Ratsimandresy et al., 2013; Cai et al., 2014). Inflammasomes release not only cytokines, but also the polymeric ASC danger particles (pASC) by pyroptosis, which perpetuate and propagate inflammasome responses to bystander cells to engage cell intrinsic ASC and caspase-1 (Baroja-Mazo et al., 2014; Franklin et al., 2014). In this protocol we describe intraperitoneal injection of polymeric ASC particles as a danger ...
[摘要] 响应病原体感染和组织损伤，激活炎症小体传感器如NLRP3和AIM2，其触发PYRIN结构域（PYD）介导的ASC成核，随后是自我永存的ASC聚合，其最终终止于胱天蛋白酶-1激活，白细胞介素 IL）-1β和IL-18加工和释放和pyroptosis（Ratsimandresy等人，2013; Cai等人，2014）。 Inflammasomes不仅释放细胞因子，而且还通过pyroptosis释放聚合的ASC危险颗粒（pASC），其使得对旁观者细胞的炎症反应永久化并增殖，从而使细胞内在ASC和胱天蛋白酶-1参与（Baroja-Mazo等人 。，2014; Franklin 。。，2014）。 在该方案中，我们描述了腹膜内注射聚合物ASC颗粒作为危险信号，并通过ELISA在腹膜灌洗中测量嗜中性粒细胞浸润和促炎细胞因子IL-1β的水平（de Almeida等人， 2015）。
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