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Sodium chloride

氯化钠

Company: Thermo Fisher Scientific
Catalog#: BP358
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Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Sleep during the Transition to Adulthood Using a Microfluidics-based System
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Date:
2017-03-20
[Abstract]  C. elegans sleep during development is regulated by genes and cellular mechanisms that are conserved across the animal kingdom (Singh et al., 2014; Trojanowski and Raizen, 2016). C. elegans developmental sleep is usually assessed during the transition to adulthood, a 2.6 h time interval called lethargus (Raizen et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2011). During lethargus, animals cycle between periods of immobility (sleep bouts) and periods of active locomotion (motion bouts). Sleep bouts resemble sleep in other species based on behavioral criteria, including cessation of feeding and locomotion, increased arousal threshold for response to sensory stimulation, rapid reversibility, and homeostatic response to sleep loss. Several assays have been developed ... [摘要]  C。发展过程中的线虫睡眠受到动物界保护的基因和细胞机制的限制(Singh等人,2014; Trojanowski和Raizen,2016)。 C。线虫发育睡眠通常在成年过渡期间进行评估,2.6h时间间隔称为lethargus(Raizen等人,2008; Singh等人, 2011)。在嗜睡期间,动物在不动的时期(睡眠开始)和积极运动时期(运动发作)之间循环。睡眠状态基于行为标准,包括停止进食和运动,增加唤醒阈值以响应感觉刺激,快速可逆性和对睡眠损失的稳​​态反应,类似于其他物种的睡眠。已经开发了几种用于在C中研究睡眠的测定法。 (Belfer等人,2013; Bringmann,2011; Nelson等人,2013; Raizen等人, 2008)。在这里,我们提供了一个详细的评估方案。线虫在lethargus期间睡眠,许多研究组已经成功使用,结合简单的微流体室,具有照明系统的低成本照相机和基于图像减法的计算分析。我们注意到,这个系统可以很容易地适应于评估任何小动物的睡眠。

背景 C。睡眠通常根据运动停止进行评估,这是整个动物界睡眠的常见特征。由于C期间睡眠发作的间歇性。线虫发育睡眠,计算机视觉通常用于跟踪C的活动。线虫在lethargus期间。动物被约束到单个焦平面以保持它们的焦点。因为C.线虫可以通过长时间的游泳用尽液体(Ghosh和Emmons,2008),C。线虫 ...

Determination of Adeno-associated Virus Rep DNA Binding Using Fluorescence Anisotropy
Author:
Date:
2017-03-20
[Abstract]  Quantitative measurement of proteins binding to DNA is a requisite to fully characterize the structural determinants of complex formation necessary to understand the DNA transactions that regulate cellular processes. Here we describe a detailed protocol to measure binding affinity of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) Rep68 protein for the integration site AAVS1 using fluorescent anisotropy. This protocol can be used to measure the binding constants of any DNA binding protein provided the substrate DNA is fluorescently labeled. [摘要]  与DNA结合的蛋白质的定量测量是完全表征理解调节细胞过程的DNA交易所必需的复合物形成结构决定簇的必要条件。在这里,我们描述了使用荧光各向异性来测量腺相关病毒(AAV)Rep68蛋白与整合位点AAVS1的结合亲和力的详细方案。如果底物DNA被荧光标记,则该方案可用于测量任何DNA结合蛋白的结合常数。

背景 荧光偏振各向异性已经成为测量蛋白质与大分子,核酸,肽和其他蛋白质等多种配体相互作用的最流行方法之一。该方法快速,便宜,可以修改为配备荧光检测器的读卡器。该技术基于以下原理:当荧光分子被平面偏振光激发时,如果分子是静止的或者如果其旋转缓慢,发射的光在同一平面内保持极化。相反,如果分子快速旋转(由于体积小),则光在不同的平面中发射。这些变化可以通过平行和垂直强度的归一化差异量化。极化被定义为P =(I⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥)其中I = 是平行强度,I⊥是垂直强度。一种替代方式是定义各向异性,A =(I⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥< ub="">)。两个参数可以互换使用来描述极化的变化。因此,当小荧光DNA分子结合蛋白质时,较大的复合物将比DNA分子旋转得更慢,改变偏振光的平面并提高各向异性值。我们已经使用这种技术来测量AAV ...

Determination of the in vitro Sporulation Frequency of Clostridium difficile
Author:
Date:
2017-02-05
[Abstract]  The anaerobic, gastrointestinal pathogen, Clostridium difficile, persists within the environment and spreads from host-to-host via its infectious form, the spore. To effectively study spore formation, the physical differentiation of vegetative cells from spores is required to determine the proportion of spores within a population of C. difficile. This protocol describes a method to accurately enumerate both viable vegetative cells and spores separately and subsequently calculate a sporulation frequency of a mixed C. difficile population from various in vitro growth conditions (Edwards et al., 2016b). [摘要]  厌氧,胃肠道病原体,艰难梭菌在环境中持续存在,并通过其感染形式,孢子从宿主到宿主传播。为了有效地研究孢子形成,需要从孢子中进行营养细胞的物理分化以确定在C群体内孢子的比例。艰难的。该方案描述了分别精确地枚举活的营养细胞和孢子的方法,并随后计算混合的孢子形成频率。来自各种体外生长条件(Edwards等人,2016b)的难治性群体。

背景 孢子形成是一个复杂的发育过程,导致代谢休眠孢子的形成。 C的物理性质。艰难的孢子形式提供了许多环境胁迫和消毒剂的内在抵抗,允许其在宿主之外的长期生存(参见:Paredes-Sabja等人,2014年)。区分营养细胞和C孢子。已经开发了利用孢子的物理和抗性属性的各种技术,包括短时间暴露于湿热或乙醇(Burns等人,2010; Lawley&amp; et al。,2010; Edwards等人,2014)。然而,根据C的应变,这些技术可能不经意地对孢子造成长期损害。难以测试,导致恢复率不准确。在这里,我们描述了使用比以前描述的较低浓度的乙醇(40%以下的乙醇)的优化方法以消除异质C中的所有营养细胞。艰难梭菌群体,而不降低孢子的生存力。该技术为量化C提供了高度可重现性和较不可变的结果。难产孢子孢子形成。

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