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Leica S6 E Greenough stereomicroscope

Greenough立体显微镜

Company: Leica Microsystems
Catalog#: Leica S6 E
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Assessing Experience-dependent Tuning of Song Preference in Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Author:
Date:
2018-07-20
[Abstract]  In songbirds and higher mammals, early auditory experience during childhood is critical to detect and discriminate sound patterns in adulthood. However, the neural and molecular nature of this acquired ability remains elusive. Here, we describe a new behavioral paradigm with Drosophila melanogaster to investigate how the auditory experience shapes sound perception. This behavioral paradigm consists of two parts: training session and test session. In the training session, we keep the flies singly in a training capsule and expose them to training sound for 6 days after eclosion. After the training session, flies are subjected to the test session, in which the mating behaviors of flies are monitored upon sound playback. As the training and test sounds, we use two types of artificial ... [摘要]  在鸣禽和高等哺乳动物中,童年时期的早期听觉经验对于检测和区分成年期的声音模式至关重要。然而,这种获得能力的神经和分子性质仍然是难以捉摸的。在这里,我们描述了一种新的行为范式,用 Drosophila melanogaster 来研究听觉体验如何塑造声音感知。这种行为范式包括两部分:训练课程和测试课程。在训练期间,我们将苍蝇单独留在训练舱中,并在羽化后将其暴露于训练声6天。在训练期之后,果蝇经受测试期,其中在声音回放时监测果蝇的交配行为。当训练和测试声音时,我们使用两种类型的人造声音,它们对应于果蝇的同种和异种求爱歌曲的模式。通过应用这种方法,我们可以测量作为年轻成年人的同声歌曲的声学体验如何使歌曲偏好和配偶选择成为果蝇的繁殖成人。

【背景】为了成功交配,动物通过检测和优选物种特异性感觉信号来主动评估候选伴侣的交配。在高等动物中,出生后获得的先天本能和社会经验有助于交配偏好。事实上,在鸟类,鱼类,绵羊和山羊等物种中,先天偏好占主导地位,而后来与父母或兄弟姐妹的社交互动会微调表型歧视和交配偏好(Owens et al。,1999 ; Ten Cate和Vos,1999; Kozak et al。,2011)。

果蝇 Drosophila melanogaster ...

Protocols to Study Declarative Memory Formation in Mice and Humans: Optogenetics and Translational Behavioral Approaches
Author:
Date:
2018-06-20
[Abstract]  Declarative memory formation depends on the hippocampus and declines in aging. Two functions of the hippocampus, temporal binding and relational organization (Rawlins and Tsaltas, 1983; Eichenbaum et al., 1992; Cohen et al., 1997), are known to decline in aging (Leal and Yassa, 2015). However, in the literature distinct procedures have been used to study these two functions. Here, we describe the experimental procedures used to investigate how these two processes are related in the formation of declarative memory and how they are compromised in aging (Sellami et al., 2017). First, we studied temporal binding using a one-trial learning procedure: trace fear conditioning. It is classical Pavlovian conditioning requiring temporal binding since a brief temporal gap ... [摘要]  陈述性记忆的形成取决于海马体和老化程度的下降。已知海马,时间结合和关系组织的两种功能(Rawlins和Tsaltas,1983; Eichenbaum等人,1992; Cohen等人,1997),已知老龄化下降(Leal和Yassa,2015)。但是,在文献中已经使用不同的程序来研究这两个功能。在这里,我们描述了用于研究这两个过程如何与陈述性记忆的形成以及它们如何在衰老中受到损害有关的实验程序(Sellami et。,2017)。首先,我们使用单一试验性学习程序研究了时间绑定:追踪恐惧条件反射。这是经典的巴甫洛夫条件需要时间约束,因为短暂的时间间隔将条件刺激(CS)和无条件刺激(US)呈现分开。我们将追踪恐惧条件程序与光遗传学方法相结合,并且我们表明时间依赖性依赖于背侧(d)CA1活性在时间间隙上的依赖性。然后,我们研究了时间绑定和关系组织之间在声明性记忆形成中的相互作用,这种相互作用使用了小鼠中的两阶段径向迷宫任务及其在人类中的虚拟类比。行为过程包括一个初始学习阶段,在这个阶段中,受试者获得每个手臂持续的奖励/无奖赏价值,然后是测试阶段,其中武器中的奖励突发事件保持不变,但武器重新组合以评估灵活性,陈述性记忆。我们证明了dCA1依赖的时间结合对于记忆的关系组织的发展是必需的,这允许灵活的陈述记忆表达。此外,在衰老过程中,陈述性记忆的退化是由于时间约束能力的减少而阻碍了关系组织。 ...

Fluorescein Transport Assay to Assess Bulk Flow of Molecules Through the Hypocotyl in Arabidopsis thaliana
Author:
Date:
2018-04-05
[Abstract]  The bulk transport of molecules through plant tissues underpins growth and development. The stem acts as a conduit between the upper and low domains of the plant, facilitating transport of solutes and water from the roots to the shoot system, and sugar plus other elaborated metabolites towards the non-photosynthetic organs. In order to perform this function efficiently, the stem needs to be optimized for transport. This is achieved through the formation of vasculature that connects the whole plant but also through connectivity signatures that reduce path length distributions outside the vascular system. This protocol was devised to characterize how cell connectivity affects the bulk flow of molecules traversing the stem. This is achieved by exposing young seedlings to fluorescein, for ... [摘要]  分子通过植物组织的大量运输支撑了生长和发育。茎部充当植物上部和低部位之间的导管,促进溶质和水从根部向茎部系统的运输,糖和其他精细代谢物向非光合器官转运。为了有效地执行此功能,杆需要针对运输进行优化。这通过形成连接整个植物的脉管系统来实现,但也通过连接特征来减少血管系统外的路径长度分布。该协议被设计为描述细胞连接如何影响穿过茎的分子的大量流动。这是通过将幼苗暴露于荧光素而实现的,其中假定没有特定的转运蛋白存在于A中。在给定的暴露时间后,使用共焦显微镜和定量3D图像分析评估该荧光化合物在胚胎干(下胚轴)的单个细胞中的相对浓度。

【背景】结构和功能之间的联系一直着迷于生物学家,从器官的设计空间(Eldredge,1989)到进化路径的趋同或分歧(Morris,2003)。在较小规模的情况下,细胞也以稳健且严格控制的方式组织,与组织执行的功能密切相关(Jackson等人,2017a)。构成特定组织的细胞物理相互作用的集合也可被视为网络,即细胞连接体。这种连接体在植物中特别有趣,因为共享细胞壁阻碍细胞运动,因此网络动力学仅取决于细胞死亡和复制。

我们假设组织结构和细胞连接体与生理特征和器官功能有关。这样,网络指标和定量网络分析可用于预测并获得生物系统的理解(Duran-Nebreda和Bassel,2017; Jackson等人,2017b)。 ...

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