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Digital block heater

VWR ®数字干式加热器

Company: VWR
Catalog#: 12621-088
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Nonenzymatic RNA-templated Synthesis of N3′→P5′ Phosphoramidate DNA
Author:
Date:
2020-09-05
[Abstract]  The RNA world hypothesis describes a scenario where early life forms relied on RNA to govern both inheritance and catalyze useful chemical reactions. Prior to the emergence of enzymes capable of replicating the RNA genome, a nonenzymatic replication process would have been necessary to initiate Darwinian Evolution. However, the one-pot nonenzymatic RNA chemical copying of templates with mixed-sequences is insufficient to generate strand products long enough to encode useful function. The use of alternate (RNA-like) genetic polymers may overcome hurdles associated with RNA copying, and further our understanding of nonenzymatic copying chemistry. This protocol describes the nonenzymatic copying of RNA templates into N3′→P5′ phosphoramidate DNA (3′-NP-DNA). We describe, in detail, the ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] RNA世界假说描述了一种场景,即早期生命形式依赖于RNA来控制遗传和催化有用的化学反应。在能够复制RNA基因组的酶出现之前,必须进行非酶复制过程以启动达尔文进化论。然而,具有混合序列的模板的一锅法非酶RNA化学复制不足以产生足够长的链产物以编码有用的功能。使用替代的(类似RNA的)遗传聚合物可以克服与RNA复制相关的障碍,并进一步我们对非酶复制化学的理解。该协议描述了将RNA模板非酶复制到N3'→P5' 氨基磷酸酯中的过程DNA(3'-NP-DNA)。我们详细描述了被2-氨基咪唑(3'-NH 2 -2AIpddN)活化的3'-氨基-2',3'-二脱氧核糖核苷酸单体的合成及其在模板指导的聚合反应中的用途。


[背景 ] 的Prim itive生命形式可能包括能够复制和功能的基因组中,一空间限定的隔室中包封的(绍斯塔克等人,2001;绍斯塔克,2012;布莱恩和Szostak,2014) 。在能够复制RNA基因组的酶出现之前,非酶复制过程可能是启动达尔文进化所必需的(Szostak,2012和2017)。由于RNA具有催化重要的化学反应(例如蛋白质合成)并在现代生物学环境中充当遗传信息载体的能力,因此它是原始遗传聚合物的逻辑候选物。

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RNA Capping by Transcription Initiation with Non-canonical Initiating Nucleotides (NCINs): Determination of Relative Efficiencies of Transcription Initiation with NCINs and NTPs
Author:
Date:
2017-06-20
[Abstract]  It recently has been established that adenine-containing cofactors, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and 3’-desphospho-coenzyme A (dpCoA), can serve as ‘non-canonical initiating nucleotides’ (NCINs) for transcription initiation by bacterial and eukaryotic cellular RNA polymerases (RNAPs) and that the efficiency of the reaction is determined by promoter sequence (Bird et al., 2016). Here we describe a protocol to quantify the relative efficiencies of transcription initiation using an NCIN vs. transcription initiation using a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) for a given promoter sequence. [摘要]  最近已经确定,含有腺嘌呤的辅因子,包括烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD +),还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)和3'-脱磷酸辅酶A(dpCoA)可以作为“非规范起始核苷酸” NCIN),用于通过细菌和真核细胞RNA聚合酶(RNAP)进行转录起始,并且通过启动子序列确定反应的效率(Bird等,2016)。 在这里,我们描述了使用NCIN与使用三磷酸核苷(NTP)对于给定启动子序列的转录起始来定量转录起始的相对效率的方案。
【背景】在细菌,古细菌和真核生物中的转录由序列,结构和机制保守的多亚基RNA聚合酶(RNAPs)进行(Ebright,2000; Lane和Darst,2010)。为了启动转录,RNAP与一个或多个引发因子一起结合称为“启动子”的特异性DNA序列,并解开启动子DNA以形成含有未解链“转录泡”的RNAP启动子开放复合物(RPo)(图1A; Ruff等人,2015)。 RNAP然后通过扩增(“剔除”)或收缩(“抗锯齿”)转录起始点来选择转录起始位点,以将转录起始位点的核苷酸置于RNAP活性中心起始位点(“i位点”)和扩增位点'i + 1位点')结合i位点的互补起始核苷酸底物和“i + 1”位点的互补延伸底物,并催化磷酸二酯键形成产生初始RNA产物(Winkelman等, 2016)。
在标准的从头转录启动中,起始底物是核苷三磷酸(NTP),通常为ATP或GTP(Nickels ...

Expression and Purification of the Cas10-Csm Complex from Staphylococci
Author:
Date:
2017-06-05
[Abstract]  CRISPR-Cas (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) is a class of prokaryotic immune systems that degrade foreign nucleic acids in a sequence-specific manner. These systems rely upon ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of Cas nucleases and small CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are bacterial residents on human skin that are also leading causes of antibiotic resistant infections (Lowy, 1998; National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance, 2004; Otto, 2009). Many staphylococci possess Type III-A CRISPR-Cas systems (Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2008; Cao et al., 2016), which have been shown to prevent plasmid transfer and protect against viral predators (Goldberg et al., ... [摘要]  CRISPR-Cas(聚集的定期间隔的短回文重复-CRISPR相关蛋白)是一类以序列特异性方式降解外来核酸的原核免疫系统。这些系统依赖于由Cas核酸酶和小型CRISPR RNA(crRNA)组成的核糖核蛋白复合物。表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是人皮肤上的细菌居民,也是抗生素抗性感染的主要原因(Lowy,1998; National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance,2004; Otto,2009) 。许多葡萄球菌具有III型A CRISPR-Cas系统(Marraffini和Sontheimer,2008; Cao等人,2016),已被证明可预防质粒转移并防止病毒性捕食者(Goldberg这些生物体中,等等,2014; Hatoum-Aslan等人,2014; Samai等人,2015)。因此,在天然葡萄球菌背景中获得对这些系统的机械理解可以导致对影响这些病原体的进化和存活的因素的重要见解。 III-A型CRISPR-Cas系统编码称为Cas10-Csm的五亚单位效应复合物(Hatoum-Aslan等人,2013)。在这里,我们描述了一种用于表达和纯化Cas10-Csm的方法。表皮样背景或异源性S。金黄色葡萄球菌背景。该方法由两步纯化方案组成,包括Ni 2 + - ...

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