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O-phosphorylethanolamine

O-磷酸乙醇胺

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: P0503
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TGFβ Stimulation Assay
Author:
Date:
2014-12-05
[Abstract]  TGFβ is part of a growth factor superfamily which modulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration, ECM synthesis and apoptosis (Massague, 1998; Siegel and Massague, 2003). Free TGFβ binds to its high affinity TGFβ receptor, a receptor serine/threonine kinase, inducing phosphorylation of Smad2/3 which subsequently forms a complex with Smad4 to translocate to the nucleus where it interacts with multiple co-activators and repressors generating distinct transcriptional responses.

Indeed, TGFβ signaling shows a remarkable cellular context dependency and apparent multifunctionality: e.g. TGFβ is able to inhibit cell proliferation in many epithelial cells but can also enhance proliferation in fibroblasts and cell growth in endothelial cells (Guasch et al., ...
[摘要]  TGFβ是调节细胞生长,分化,粘附,迁移,ECM合成和凋亡的生长因子超家族的一部分(Massague,1998; Siegel和Massague,2003)。游离TGFβ结合到其高亲和力TGFβ受体,一种受体丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,诱导Smad2/3的磷酸化,随后与Smad4形成复合物转移到细胞核,其中它与多种共激活剂和阻遏物相互作用产生不同的转录反应。实际上,TGFβ信号传导显示出显着的细胞环境依赖性和表观多功能性:例如TGFβ能够抑制许多上皮细胞中的细胞增殖,但也可以增强成纤维细胞中的增殖和内皮细胞中的细胞生长(Guasch等人,2007; Xiao等人,2012年);它增强干细胞多能性,但促进其他细胞的分化(Park,2011);在癌症发展中,它抑制恶变前细胞增殖,但同时促进转移到转移表型(Chaudhury和Howe,2009)。
TGFβ刺激测定监测细胞对TGFβ的反应性。在TGFβ刺激时,可以分析短期效应例如Smad2磷酸化和长期效应例如细胞增殖。将描述用于小鼠角质形成细胞的测定,其中TGFβ强烈抑制细胞增殖,但是这两种测定也适用于其它细胞类型。

TGFβ Release Co-culture Assay
Author:
Date:
2014-12-05
[Abstract]  TGFβ is a potent cytokine modulating various processes including proliferation, differentiation, ECM synthesis and apoptosis (Siegel and Massague, 2003). Thus in many tissues availability of TGFβ is tightly regulated. TGFβ is secreted as an inactive complex where it is encapsulated by the latency associated protein (LAP), a ligand trap protein, which inhibits TGFβ binding to its receptor and retains TGFβ in the extracellular matrix (ten Dijke and Arthur, 2007). TGFβ can be released from the matrix and converted into its biological active form by huge number of processes including heat, high and low pH, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or various proteases (e.g. plasmin, elastase, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9) (Barcellos-Hoff and Dix, 1996; Lyons et al., ... [摘要]  TGFβ是调节各种过程包括增殖,分化,ECM合成和凋亡的有效细胞因子(Siegel和Massague,2003)。因此,在许多组织中,TGFβ的可用性受到严格调控。 TGFβ作为无活性复合物分泌,其中其被潜伏相关蛋白(LAP)封闭,LAP是一种配体捕获蛋白,其抑制TGFβ与其受体结合并在细胞外基质中保留TGFβ(十Dijke和Arthur,2007)。 TGFβ可以从基质中释放并通过大量的过程包括热,高和低pH,活性氧(ROS)或各种蛋白酶(例如,纤溶酶,弹性蛋白酶)的释放而转化为其生物活性形式,基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9)(Barcellos-Hoff和Dix,1996; Lyons等人,1988; Taipale等人,1994; Yu和Stamenkovic, 2000)。然而,在生理条件下,αv-类整联蛋白与LAP蛋白中的RGD三肽基序的相互作用代表了体内TGFβ释放的关键因素。具有整联蛋白结合缺陷型LAP蛋白(RGD基序突变为RGE)的小鼠重现了TGFβ1缺失的所有主要表型,进一步强调了整合素介导的TGFβ释放对体内发育和体内平衡的相关性小鼠,包括多器官炎症和血管发生中的缺陷(Shull等人,1992; Yang等人,2007)。这种引人注目的表型与TGFβ缺陷小鼠重叠,缺少αv-类整联蛋白的小鼠的表型(Aluwihare等人,2009; ...

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