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Minimum Essential Medium Eagle Spinner Modification (S-MEM)

最小必需培养基Eagle Eagle Spinner Modification(S-MEM)

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: M8167
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Purification and Identification of Novel Host-derived Factors for Influenza Virus Replication from Human Nuclear Extracts
Author:
Date:
2016-09-20
[Abstract]  Recently, we identified two host cell-derived proteins as novel stimulatory factors of influenza virus RNA replication process, termed “Influenza virus REplication Factor-2 (IREF-2)”, from human nuclear extracts (NEs) by employing biochemical complementation assays (Sugiyama et al., 2015). Herein, we describe detailed methods for successive procedures for identification and purification of IREF-2, including large-scale suspension culture of HeLa S3 cells, preparation of NEs and separation of IREF-2 by sequential column chromatography steps. This protocol can be modified and used for purification and identification of the other unknown nuclear protein(s) of your interest. [摘要]  最近,我们通过使用生物化学互补试验(Sugiyama),从人类核提取物(NE)鉴定了两种宿主细胞衍生蛋白作为流感病毒RNA复制过程的新型刺激因子,称为“流感病毒复制因子-2(IREF-2)” et al。,2015)。 本文描述了用于IREF-2鉴定和纯化的连续方法的详细方法,包括HeLa S3细胞的大规模悬浮培养,NE的制备和顺序柱色谱步骤分离IREF-2。 该方案可以修改并用于纯化和鉴定您感兴趣的其他未知核蛋白。
【背景】甲型流感病毒基因组由8个分段和单链RNA(vRNA)组成。其转录和复制由病毒编码的RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRP)催化。几条证据表明某些宿主衍生因子调节病毒RNA合成(Nagata et al。,2008)。最近,通过相互作用分析和基因组RNAi筛选研究,已经报道了各种宿主衍生的蛋白质作为与病毒RNA合成相关的调节因子候选物。然而,其中包括间接涉及病毒RNA合成的一些假阳性相互作用因子和因子。相反,为了鉴定在病毒RNA合成过程中发挥直接作用的可靠和重要的宿主因子,我们使用了生物化学互补测定系统。在该系统中,在感染的细胞核中有效发生的病毒vRNA复制反应被解剖并在体外使用病毒RNA复制所必需的病毒因子重构,例如衍生自洗涤剂溶解的病毒颗粒的病毒RdRP和模型病毒基因组RNA模板和未感染的核提取物(NE)。
最近,我们已经报道,在体外用病毒因子和NE的粗制部分再现有效的vRNA复制(Sugiyama等,2015)。 ...

TGFβ Stimulation Assay
Author:
Date:
2014-12-05
[Abstract]  TGFβ is part of a growth factor superfamily which modulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration, ECM synthesis and apoptosis (Massague, 1998; Siegel and Massague, 2003). Free TGFβ binds to its high affinity TGFβ receptor, a receptor serine/threonine kinase, inducing phosphorylation of Smad2/3 which subsequently forms a complex with Smad4 to translocate to the nucleus where it interacts with multiple co-activators and repressors generating distinct transcriptional responses.

Indeed, TGFβ signaling shows a remarkable cellular context dependency and apparent multifunctionality: e.g. TGFβ is able to inhibit cell proliferation in many epithelial cells but can also enhance proliferation in fibroblasts and cell growth in endothelial cells (Guasch et al., ...
[摘要]  TGFβ是调节细胞生长,分化,粘附,迁移,ECM合成和凋亡的生长因子超家族的一部分(Massague,1998; Siegel和Massague,2003)。游离TGFβ结合到其高亲和力TGFβ受体,一种受体丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,诱导Smad2/3的磷酸化,随后与Smad4形成复合物转移到细胞核,其中它与多种共激活剂和阻遏物相互作用产生不同的转录反应。实际上,TGFβ信号传导显示出显着的细胞环境依赖性和表观多功能性:例如TGFβ能够抑制许多上皮细胞中的细胞增殖,但也可以增强成纤维细胞中的增殖和内皮细胞中的细胞生长(Guasch等人,2007; Xiao等人,2012年);它增强干细胞多能性,但促进其他细胞的分化(Park,2011);在癌症发展中,它抑制恶变前细胞增殖,但同时促进转移到转移表型(Chaudhury和Howe,2009)。
TGFβ刺激测定监测细胞对TGFβ的反应性。在TGFβ刺激时,可以分析短期效应例如Smad2磷酸化和长期效应例如细胞增殖。将描述用于小鼠角质形成细胞的测定,其中TGFβ强烈抑制细胞增殖,但是这两种测定也适用于其它细胞类型。

TGFβ Release Co-culture Assay
Author:
Date:
2014-12-05
[Abstract]  TGFβ is a potent cytokine modulating various processes including proliferation, differentiation, ECM synthesis and apoptosis (Siegel and Massague, 2003). Thus in many tissues availability of TGFβ is tightly regulated. TGFβ is secreted as an inactive complex where it is encapsulated by the latency associated protein (LAP), a ligand trap protein, which inhibits TGFβ binding to its receptor and retains TGFβ in the extracellular matrix (ten Dijke and Arthur, 2007). TGFβ can be released from the matrix and converted into its biological active form by huge number of processes including heat, high and low pH, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or various proteases (e.g. plasmin, elastase, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9) (Barcellos-Hoff and Dix, 1996; Lyons et al., ... [摘要]  TGFβ是调节各种过程包括增殖,分化,ECM合成和凋亡的有效细胞因子(Siegel和Massague,2003)。因此,在许多组织中,TGFβ的可用性受到严格调控。 TGFβ作为无活性复合物分泌,其中其被潜伏相关蛋白(LAP)封闭,LAP是一种配体捕获蛋白,其抑制TGFβ与其受体结合并在细胞外基质中保留TGFβ(十Dijke和Arthur,2007)。 TGFβ可以从基质中释放并通过大量的过程包括热,高和低pH,活性氧(ROS)或各种蛋白酶(例如,纤溶酶,弹性蛋白酶)的释放而转化为其生物活性形式,基质金属蛋白酶-2和-9)(Barcellos-Hoff和Dix,1996; Lyons等人,1988; Taipale等人,1994; Yu和Stamenkovic, 2000)。然而,在生理条件下,αv-类整联蛋白与LAP蛋白中的RGD三肽基序的相互作用代表了体内TGFβ释放的关键因素。具有整联蛋白结合缺陷型LAP蛋白(RGD基序突变为RGE)的小鼠重现了TGFβ1缺失的所有主要表型,进一步强调了整合素介导的TGFβ释放对体内发育和体内平衡的相关性小鼠,包括多器官炎症和血管发生中的缺陷(Shull等人,1992; Yang等人,2007)。这种引人注目的表型与TGFβ缺陷小鼠重叠,缺少αv-类整联蛋白的小鼠的表型(Aluwihare等人,2009; ...

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